Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica :: ISSN 1336-9245
Important notice for authors: new version guides for authors and article template from June 30, 2025 are available. Please, see section Submissions. Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica is an open access, a peer-reviewed scientific journal of the Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. First published in 1957 as Proceedings of the University of Agriculture in Nitra. From 2013 is the Journal published online only. Aims & scope Journal focuses on presentation of regional, national and international current science results in plant and animal nutrition, genetics, breeding, animal health and welfare, agronomy and soil science, in particular: agrochemistry and plant nutrition botany, plant physiology, genetics, breeding, protection crop production, grass ecosystems and forages soil and environmental scienes sustainable agriculture zoology, animal genetics and breeding biology animal husbandry, nutrition and special husbandry animal health and veterinary sciences human nutrition Journal Legacy Issues/articles published from 2011 to 2021 Issues/articles published from 2009 to 2011 Issues/articles published from 1998 to 2003 Indexing The journal is indexed by Scopus (Elsevier) | DOAJ Charges & Fees Articles are published without article submission and article processing charges. For end-users are published papers free of charge. Peer review policy Editorial evaluation: first step, submitted manuscripts are assessed from the formal / technical points of view (comply with the editorial requirements, resp. guidelines for authors, main aims and scopes and policies) and from the point of view of plagiarism. Manuscripts which are not comply with editorial requirements will be returned for technical corrections. In case general/base incompliance of article with requirements will be rejected, rejected will be also articles with critical similarity score. When the technical/formal evaluation is completed, the manuscript proceeds to the stage of scientific evaluation. Scientific evaluation Evaluation from the point of view of scientific quality is provided by the executive editors of subject/thematic sections. Based on the result of the preliminary evaluation from the point of view of scientific quality, the manuscript is either rejected, returned for corrections or moved to the review process. If the requested changes are made, the text returns to the executive editors. When the scientific evaluation is completed manuscript, the peer-review process is following. Peer-review process The Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica peer-review model: blind review, two independent reviewers. If necessary (in case there are any differencies between review reports) a third reviewer will be invited. The results of reviewing can be acceptance, acceptance with minor or major modifications or rejected. Once the requested changes/corrections are made, the text returns to the executive editors. Post peer-review process Editing and preparing accepted manuscripts for publication. Online publishing. Copyright & Licenses Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially) the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. The Journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Deposit Policy Sherpa/Romeo Screening of plagiarism All manuscripts are checked by the Crossref service Similarity Check (iThenticate software). eISSN 1336-9245 / pISSN 1335-258X (until to 2013) Journal website: http://www.acta.fapz.uniag.sk Journal periodicity: 4 issues per year Abbreviation: Acta fytotechn zootechn Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra
Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra
The Effects of Nitrogen and Sulfur on the Performance of Camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) in a Drought-Prone Region
Low soil fertility in semi-arid areas is a significant issue affecting agricultural output, and climate change has further worsened this problem. Nutritional management, such as applying elements with complementary interactions appear to enhance the growth and yield of oilseed crop systems. A field trial was conducted to assess the impact of various sulfur fertilizer rates (0, 25, 50, and 75 kg ha-1 designated as S0, S25, S50, and S75, respectively) and nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 kg ha-1 designated as N0, N40, N80, N120, and N160, respectively) on the growth and productivity of Camelina in the northwestern part of Iran. As nitrogen application rates increased, traits such as plant height (57%), relative water content (1%), number of lateral branches (86%), and greenness indices (55%) showed notable increases. However, application of high levels of nitrogen (N160) reduced relative leaf water content and the number of siliques per plant. The impact of nitrogen application on these traits was greater than that of sulfur application. Nevertheless, the most beneficial effect of sulfur was achieved with the S50 application. Assessing grain yield while considering the economic implications of fertilizer use showed that applying N80+S50 (1312 kg ha⁻¹) is more rational. Overall, the results showed that using N80+S50 saved nitrogen fertilizer and achieved acceptable economic performance. Increasing the productivity of Camelina production systems in the studied semi-arid region requires soil amendment with sulfur.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohsen Janmohammadi, Asghar Ebadi-Segherloo, Naser Sabaghnia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Valorization of Olive Pomace for the Breeding of Young Quercus suber L. Plants in the Guerbes Soilless Nursery (Northeast Algeria)
This study aims to investigate the possibility of using olive pomace in the preparation of growing substrates for the cultivation of young Quercus suber L. plants in nurseries. It was performed in Guerbes (Skikda, Algeria) where three substrates made from olive pomace, forest humus and a control (forest soil alone) were tested. The obtained results revealed that the S2 substrate (50% olive pomace + 50% humus), by its balanced physicochemical properties (pH= 7.436; EC= 0.17 mmhos/cm; CEC = 79 meq/100g; Organic matter = 6.46 and water retention capacity= 28.66) represents the best substrate because the young plants raised in this substrate for four months recorded the best results in terms of height (16.136cm), diameter (0.249cm), fresh weight of the aerial part (2.090g), fresh weight of the root part (10.230g), dry weight of the aerial part (0.960g) and dry weight of the root part (3.930g).
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdelouahab Belaidi , Bouakba Nourelhouda, Chekired Dounia, Francisco Maria Vázquez Pardo, Francisco Marquez Garcia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Unraveling the Molecular Pathways of Cadmium-Induced Aging
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal widely recognized for its detrimental effects on human health, particularly due to its long biological half-life and ability to accumulate in tissues over time. Chronic exposure to Cd, whether through environmental, occupational, or dietary sources, has been implicated in accelerated aging and age-related pathologies. Increasing evidence from diverse model systems, including yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, mammalian cell cultures, rodents, and population studies, suggests that Cd disrupts key cellular processes such as oxidative stress response, mitochondrial function, DNA repair, and epigenetic regulation. These disruptions contribute to cellular senescence, tissue degeneration, and systemic aging phenotypes. By examining findings across different biological models, this review aims to elucidate the conserved and model-specific mechanisms by which Cd influences the aging process.
Copyright (c) 2026 Miroslava Požgajová, Alica Navrátilová, Marek Kovár, Lucia Klongová, Hossein Zakariapour Bahnamiri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pharmacological Evaluation and Prediction of Pharmaceutical Potential of Lasiococca comberi Haines: A Threatened Medicinal Tree
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical health issue that requires the exploration of unexplored plants for the identification of new therapeutic agents. This study examined the leaves of Lasiococca comberi, a threatened Indian tree species, focusing on its phytochemical content, toxicity, antibacterial activity, and antioxidant potential. Aqueous extract of the leaves showed the highest presence of secondary metabolites, while the methanol and ethanol extracts demonstrated the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis of the ethanol extract revealed seven distinct spots and confirmed its antioxidant activity. The quantification of secondary metabolites highlights the potential of L. comberi leaves as a valuable source of bioactive compounds to combat AMR. These findings suggest that L. comberi leaves could be a promising source of new antimicrobial agents, warranting further pharmacological investigation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jeline Rani J, Kadambini Das, Jaydeep Kumar Sahu, Shikha Thakur, Sandhya Sharma, Sanjeet Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physiological Indicators of Workload in Horses: Analysis of Heart Rate and energy expenditure during riding
Objective monitoring of physiological parameters, such as heart rate (HR), energy metabolism, and the temporal structure of exercise, forms the basis for optimizing the overall training process of sport horses. Determining the threshold between effective stimulation and overloading is crucial for preventing overtraining and performance decline. Training programs based on these indicators take into account the adaptive capacity of the horse, thereby maximizing performance while supporting health and welfare.The aim of this study was to analyze physiological parameters, particularly heart rate and energy expenditure, during riding training and its duration. Sixteen horses of different ages and sexes were included in the study and divided into two groups based on sporting experience. The first group (n = 8) comprised horses in the preparatory phase of their sporting careers with a maximum of one year of competition experience, while the second group (n = 8) consisted of more experienced horses with at least two years of sporting seasons. Horses were housed in two riding centers and fed high-quality meadow hay (10–12 kg depending on body weight), supplemented with a complete feed mixture (2–5 kg depending on workload), with ad libitum access to water. All horses were stabled in individual boxes. Heart rate and energy expenditure were measured using the CEEFIT Pulse & ECG system by Seaver. Analysis revealed a statistically significant difference (p <0.01) in HR between groups: less experienced horses had an average HR of 93.92 beats.min-1, whereas experienced horses exhibited values approximately 9.81 beats.min-1 higher. This difference may be attributed to more intense interaction between rider and horse in the experienced group, while the lower HR in less experienced horses likely reflects reduced exercise intensity. Significant correlations were observed between exercise duration and HR (p <0.001), as well as between exercise duration and energy expenditure (p <0.001). In less experienced horses, a strong correlation between HR and energy expenditure was also detected (p <0.0005), whereas in experienced horses, only a correlation between HR and energy expenditure was confirmed (p <0.0001). The results confirm substantial differences in physiological parameters between groups and highlight the impact of training intensity on the horse’s organism. These findings emphasize the necessity of a differentiated approach to training program design to optimize the overall training process.
Heart rate, energy, workload, performance, horse
Copyright (c) 2025 Monika Šmondrková, Marko Halo, Stanislav Zaťko, Eva Mlyneková, Marko Halo Jr. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Microalga Chlorella vulgaris and Cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis Supplementation on Rumen Fermentation in Cattle
Microalgae are a promising protein source for ruminants, yet their in vivo effects on rumen fermentation are variable. We evaluated dietary Chlorella vulgaris (CHL), Spirulina platensis (SPIR), and a 50 : 50 mixture (MIX) in four ruminally cannulated Simmental cows using a 4 × 4 Latin square. Cows received a control diet (CON) or CON supplemented with CHL (100 g/d), SPIR (100 g/d), or MIX (50 g CHL + 50 g SPIR/d). Rumen fluid collected three hours post-feeding was analyzed for pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), ammonia (NH₃–N), total nitrogen (Ntot), and total protozoal ciliates (TPC). Treatments affected most fermentation endpoints. Relative to CON, CHL lowered pH (6.17 vs. 6.37; P < 0.001) and increased propionate (19.24 vs. 16.78–17.40 mmol/L; P = 0.001), indicating a more glucogenic profile. MIX increased acetate (78.43 vs. 69.02 mmol/L; P = 0.002), the acetate: propionate ratio (4.82 vs. 3.99–4.38; P < 0.001), isovalerate (1.09 vs. 0.75–0.86 mmol/L; P < 0.001), NH₃–N (2.83 vs. 1.69–2.34 mmol/L; P < 0.001), Ntot (0.57 vs. 0.46–0.51 g/kg; P = 0.01), and TPC (35.02 vs. 26.43–29.04 ×10⁴/mL; P = 0.005). SPIR responses were intermediate and generally closer to CON. At practical inclusion rates, C. vulgaris favored propionate production with a modest decline in pH. In contrast, the CHL+SPIR mixture shifted fermentation toward higher acetate, branched-chain VFA, and deamination products, alongside greater protozoal abundance. Thus, single-species versus mixed microalgae should be selected based on production goals: CHL for glucogenic energy supply, and MIX for acetate-oriented fermentation, acknowledging potential impacts on rumen nitrogen efficiency.
rumen; volatile fatty acid; feed supplement; Chlorella vulgaris; cyanobacteria
Copyright (c) 2026 Svetlana Malyugina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Change in the Size of Pre-Ovulatory Follicles During the Mare Breeding Season
The mare is a seasonally polyestrous animal whose reproductive activity is regulated by hormonal mechanisms and influenced by environmental factors such as temperature and photoperiod. The aim of this study was to monitor seasonal changes in the size of preovulatory (PO) follicles of mares during the breeding season and to evaluate their relationship to the average daily temperature and the length of the daylight period. The study was carried out on 247 mares of different breeds aged 3–24 years, which were examined between April and September over a five-year period at the Equine Clinic of the University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice. Follicle development was monitored ultrasonographically, supplemented by the determination of progesterone levels. The average size of PO follicles ranged from 5.00 ± 0.51 cm in April to 4.70 ± 0.42 cm in September, with no significant differences confirmed between individual months (p = 0.28). However, a multifactorial analysis based on individual measurements (n = 247) demonstrated a significant effect of average daily temperature on follicle size (p = 0.008), whereas day length did not show a significant effect (p = 0.233). Overall, follicle size showed a decreasing trend during the season and towards the end of the breeding season ovulation occurred at smaller diameters. The results indicate temperature as a key factor influencing seasonal changes in follicle size. These findings have practical importance for veterinarians and reproductive specialists, as reliance on a fixed follicle size threshold may lead to incorrect determination of the time of ovulation and lower insemination success attheend of the season.
Copyright (c) 2026 Magdaléna Zaťková, Marko Halo, Eva Mlyneková, Vladimír Hura, Ivan Imrich, Stanislav Zaťko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study of Pesticide Usage and Farming Practices on Soil Health in Buldhana District of Maharashtra
Intensive pesticide use and monoculture-based cropping are increasingly linked to soil degradation in India’s semi-arid smallholder systems. We examined how farmer practices, particularly pesticide reliance, affect soil properties in Buldhana (Maharashtra)a through a survey (n = 93) and laboratory analyses of composite soils (0–10 cm). Soils were slightly alkaline and non-saline (pH 7.44–7.78; EC 0.15–0.22 dS m⁻¹) but showed low organic carbon (0.32–0.95%), low–medium available N (183–311 kg ha⁻¹), medium P (13–25 kg ha⁻¹), high K (307–783 kg ha⁻¹), and widespread Fe and Zn deficiencies, while Cu and Mn were generally adequate. Comparisons with organic and forest controls highlighted contrasting fertility baselines: organic soils had higher OCC (0.85%) and extreme K (>3000 kg ha⁻¹), while forest soils had the highest OC (1.06%), elevated Fe and Mn, and greater moisture. Most farmers were marginal landholders (1–5 acres), largely rainfed, following soybean–wheat sequences; 71.6% applied 3–5 sprays per season, and 68.4% relied exclusively on chemical pesticides, predominantly organophosphates. Instant efficacy was cited as the main reason for use, though 41% reported yield declines. ANOVA and cross-tabulations showed higher spray intensity and organophosphate use coincided with lower OC and slightly elevated EC, suggesting pesticide-mediated disruption of soil functioning. While macronutrient levels (notably K) were sufficient, persistent Fe and Zn gaps threaten long-term fertility. Locally actionable strategies; integrated pest management, crop diversification, soil-test–based fertilization with micronutrient correction, and organic amendments, could reduce pesticide load and restore soil health. The survey-plus-soil framework offers a replicable diagnostic for aligning pesticide management with soil restoration in semi-arid Vertisols.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sneha Kolhe, Dr. Yamini Patil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PCR-Based Profiling of Genetic Variability in Domesticated Capsicum spp.: Implications for Biodiversity
The original tropical genus Capsicum spp. is an important crop worldwide, particularly the species C. chinense and C. annuum. Like many crops subjected to long-term domestication and breeding, and under the continuous influence of human activity on the environment, the Capsicum genus faces a significant loss of biodiversity and a gradual reduction in the availability of its genetic resources. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of existing PCR marker techniques for both interspecific and intraspecific analysis, and to examine the extent of genetic similarity or diversity among the genomes of the cultivated Capsicum spp. Five varieties of C. chinense and C. annuum were used in PCRs to detect genetic variability by four DNA-based dominant marker techniques: CDDP, iPBS, PBA and BBAP. The number of loci for all methods was 310 and it varied from 34 (PBA), 62 (BBAP) and 96 (iPBS) to 117 (CDDP), P% for all methods was 79.68% (45.71% PBA, 82.26% BBAP, 84.38% iPBS and 86.32% CDDP). The CDDP primers had the maximum discriminating power at 0.718, whilst the PBA primers displayed the lowest value at 0.379 among the applied approaches. The pair Ohnivec – Jalahot had the highest genetic similarity across all approaches, evaluated at 0.335. The lowest genetic similarity was detected between the pairings H. chocolate and Ohnivec, reported at 0.629. All used DNA-based marker techniques were evaluated as applicable and informative in the genus Capsicum spp., from moderately informative PBA, through highly informative iPBS and BBAP to very highly informative CDDP.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lucia Urbanová, Silvia Farkasová, Jana Žiarovská https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chitin and Carbohydrate Composition of Eight Insect Species Used as Feed and Food
Edible insects represent a sustainable source of protein and bioactive compounds, however their carbohydrate composition, particularly structural polysaccharides like chitin, substantially affects nutritional quality. This study provides a comparative analysis of chitin and carbohydrate composition of eight insect species across larval (Tenebrio molitor, Alphitobius diaperinus, Hermetia illucens, Musca domestica), pupal (Bombyx mori), and adult (Gryllodes sigillatus, Acheta domesticus, Gryllus assimilis) stages. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and chitin content varied significantly with species and developmental stage, reflecting differences in cuticular structure and physiological adaptations. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content varied considerably across species, with the lowest value in Bombyx mori pupae (92.02 ± 2.44 g.kg⁻¹ DM) and the highest in Tenebrio molitor larvae (290.40 ± 6.14 g.kg⁻¹ DM). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) showed a minimum of 72.90±8.68 g.kg⁻¹ DM (B. mori pupae) and a maximum of 133.16±0.97 g.kg⁻¹ DM (Gryllus assimilis adults). Chitin content (ADF-ADL) was lowest in B. mori pupae (64.32±9.65 g.kg⁻¹ DM) and highest in G. assimilis adults (123.45±1.28 g.kg⁻¹ DM); alternative estimation via ADF-CPADF ranged from 37.95±4.52 to 78.78±2.00 g.kg⁻¹ DM, highlighting methodological sensitivity. Soluble sugars were highest in larvae, whereas polyols, accumulated predominantly in pupae (glycerol in B. mori 11.43±0.43 g.kg⁻¹ DM) and adults (glycerol in A. domesticus 7.20±0.04 g.kg⁻¹ DM). These results emphasize the importance of standardized chitin quantification and targeted processing strategies for optimizing the nutritional value of insect-derived feed and food. This integrative approach advances the understanding of insect carbohydrate composition and supports efforts to valorize edible insects in sustainable nutrition systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Matúš Džima, Miroslav Juráček, Daniel Bíro, Milan Šimko, Branislav Gálik, Michal Rolinec, Ondrej Hanušovský, Mária Kapusniaková, Kristína Kolbaská, Ester Vargová https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Weed Control in the Maize Stand in Dry Agroecology Conditions
The most common active ingredients of herbicides used in maize are, for example: dicamba, rimsulfuron, nicosulfuron, dimethenamid. The experiment was carried out at the PPD Inovec Volkovce farm. The aim of this work was to utilize the possibilities of chemical weed control and analyze them on plots with sown maize. The control of weed species were monitored and the effectiveness of the herbicides used with specific active ingredients applied according to variants: early post-emergent and post-emergent were also evaluated. The partial objectives of the work were: 1. evaluation of the current weed infestation using numerous methods on control and treated variants 2. evaluation of the effectiveness of regulatory intervention on variants treated with herbicides 3. evaluation of the phytotoxicity. The experiment was carried out on their standard plots with maize sown according to the sowing plan. Experimental area was set aside each year that has only been sown and has not been further treated. Chemical treatments in the experiment were carried out in accordance with the EPPO PP1/181(5) methodology. Untreated control area was covered with foil during the application of herbicides. Based on the use of available herbicides, the variants were divided into early post-emergence treatment up to the 3rd leaf of maize and post-emergence treatment up to the 6th leaf of maize. The best result had variant with active ingredients dicamba and prosulfuron in early post-emergence treatment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Denis Onufer, Štefan Týr https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
How Actinometric Processes Impact Geographical Trial Plantations?
This study analyzes the long-term measurement data of direct, diffuse, and total solar radiation recorded at the Minsk meteorological station from 1954 to 2023 (70 years). We investigated the relationship between variations in these radiation components and changes in the annual ring width of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) from different provenances. The trees were grown in a geographical trial plantation located in the Berezinsko-Predpolessky geobotanical region of the Republic of Belarus. The annual influence of incoming solar radiation on the radial growth of Scots pine of different geographical origins was assessed. A moderate to strong negative correlation was established between the tree-ring width of several Scots pine climatypes and the intensity of direct radiation. All studied climatypes were divided into two groups based on the sensitivity of their radial growth to direct solar radiation. Climatypes with an average continentality index in the range of 46–55%, as well as those belonging to the Siberian and Lapland subspecies, showed a negative reaction to an increase in the proportion of direct radiation. Furthermore, the obtained datasets contribute to the AgroForest Landscape Restoration Library (AFLR-Library).
Copyright (c) 2026 Siarhei U. Rabko, Liliya F. Paplauskaya, Pavel V. Tupik, Nebi Bilir, Tatyana P. Novikova, Arthur I. Novikov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Possibilities for Increasing Biodiversity of Natural Ecosystems and Agroecosystems
The presented study addresses the issue of biodiversity, which is a fundamental element of all ecosystems. Since the reduction or loss occurs as a result of many factors, such as habitat degradation, rapidly increasing environmental pollution, worsening climate crisis, monoculture cultivation, urbanisation, and the expansion of non-native species, among others, which have serious consequences for the existence of life on Earth. For this reason, biodiversity protection is necessary, as any change threatens the existing flora, fauna, habitats and the entire society, since all of these factors lead to a deterioration in the functioning of not only natural ecosystems, but also agro-ecosystems. Especially in agricultural landscapes, it is necessary to solve the above problem with measures that would support wild organisms. One of the measures is modern biobelts, which serve to slow down or stop the reduction of biodiversity, as they address the agro-environmental-climatic aspect. The present vegetation of biobelts improves the trophic supply and increases the spatial and temporal availability of food sources for the present organisms. On the other hand, biobelts pose a risk of enriching the soil seed bank with weeds, which may later be manifested in increased weeding of cultivated crops, and the proliferation of pests also appears to be a problem. Another highly effective measure in providing multiple ecosystem services, ensuring water regulation and quality, pest and disease control, while supporting biodiversity, long-term productivity and soil quality, is the use of agroforestry. The results show that increasing diversity in natural ecosystems and agroecosystems through planned measures represents an important strategy, which leads to improved biodiversity and ecosystem services.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jana Ivanič-Porhajášová, Ing. Mária Babošová, PhD., doc. Ing. Eva Mlyneková, PhD. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimization of IAA Production by Halotolerant Bacterial and Fungal Consortia
The current study focused on optimizing the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) by halotolerant bacterial and fungal consortia, which are crucial for promoting plant growth under saline conditions. Initial screening using Plackett–Burman design identified pH, tryptophan concentration, and incubation period as the most significant factors affecting IAA synthesis. These factors were further optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), resulting in maximal IAA yields of up to 125 µg/mL under conditions of pH 6.25–7.0, tryptophan 0.7–1.2 mg/mL, and incubation of 8.5–12 days. The statistical model exhibited strong significance (p<0.0001) with non-significant lack-of-fit, confirming the model's validity. The findings suggest that tailoring these parameters can significantly boost IAA production in halotolerant consortia, enhancing their potential as bioinoculants in saline-stressed soils. This work provides a solid foundation for developing effective microbial formulations to improve plant productivity in challenging environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Suvarna Patil, Arpana Jobanputra, Sunil Pathak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Use of By-Products of Corn Grain Processing in Ruminant Nutrition
The rising global demand for meat and dairy products requires sustainable approaches in ruminant nutrition that balance productivity, cost efficiency, and environmental responsibility. Traditional high-protein feeds, such as soybean meal, are associated with increasing costs, environmental impacts, and land-use pressures. Corn processing by-products – corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed, corn germ, and corn bran – offer a promising alternative due to their high protein, fiber, and nutrient content. Produced through wet and dry milling, these by-products provide favorable amino acid profiles, good digestibility, and valuable energy levels, supporting growth, lactation, and animal health. Research indicates that their inclusion in ruminant diets can improve milk yield, feed efficiency, and profitability while reducing feed costs by partially or fully replacing conventional protein sources. Economically, local sourcing enhances cost-effectiveness and supports circular economy principles by repurposing agricultural residues. Environmentally, corn by-products can lower greenhouse gas emissions, reduce reliance on land-intensive crops, and decrease competition between food and feed resources. However, careful management of nitrogen and phosphorus excretion is necessary to avoid nutrient runoff. Incorporating corn by-products into feeding strategies offers a practical and sustainable solution for the livestock sector. Their nutritional value, economic benefits, and environmental advantages position them as a viable component in modern ruminant production systems, contributing to long-term sustainability and resilience in the face of global agricultural challenges.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dilavar Huseynzade, Ondrej Hanušovský, Miroslav Juráček, Milan Šimko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Carbon Sequestration Dynamics on Reclaimed Land: A Coupled Ecological-Economic Assessment in Indonesia
Land degradation due to coal mining causes loss of vegetation and soil degradation, thus greatly reducing carbon stocks. This loss inhibits carbon sequestration and reduces organic carbon storage, releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, exacerbating greenhouse gas levels and climate change. Reclamation of post-mining land by replanting and soil improvement is essential to restore carbon stocks and mitigate the adverse impacts of coal mining on the environment. This study aims to analyze carbon stocks in post-mining land that has been reclaimed by PT Inti Bara Perdana. The study was conducted in January 2024 on the post-mining land of PT Inti Bara Perdana, Central Bengkulu Regency, Bengkulu Province. This study uses a method of measuring the potential for vegetation carbon storage at several sampling points on post-mining reclamation land aged 4 years, 7 years, and 11 years. The research method used is to create a 20x20 m plot to measure tree biomass and wood necromass. Measurement of understory biomass and litter necromass using a 1x1 m sub-plot. The results of the study showed that carbon sequestration on post-coal mining land increases significantly with reclamation age, rising from 99.71 tons/ha at 4 years to 234.66 tons/ha at 11 years. Correspondingly, the economic valuation based on the carbon market grew from IDR 5.68 million/ha to IDR 13.38 million/ha. These findings highlight the effectiveness of long-term land reclamation in restoring ecosystem functions and contributing to climate change mitigation through carbon market integration. The study also provides valuable
Copyright (c) 2025 Zainal Arifin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Extracting Polyphenols from Saccharina angustata by Two Methods
The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of two non-thermal extraction techniques, specifically ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and dynamic maceration (DM), for recovering polyphenols from brown seaweed, Saccharina (S.) angustata. Given the thermolabile nature of many phenolic compounds, both methods were chosen for their ability to operate at low temperatures while preserving bioactivity. Moreover, two different solid-to-solvent ratios were tested (1:5 and 1:10, plant material to ethanol, w/v) to assess their influence on extraction efficiency. Total polyphenol content (TPC; Folin–Ciocalteu colorimetric method) and antioxidant activity (AA; DPPH assay) of the resulting extracts were analyzed to compare the effectiveness of these techniques. Importantly, the study is the first quantification of TPC and AA in S. angustata, highlighting a pioneering effort in the scientific investigation of this species. Our results revealed that the extract obtained using DM at a 1:10 solid-to solvent ratio exhibited the highest values for extraction efficiency (42.20±1.60 %), TPC (2.61±0.73 mg GAE/g DW), and AA (11.69±2.48 %). In contrast, the highest AA expressed as Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (0.61±0.01 mg TEAC/g DW) was observed in the extract obtained using DM at a 1:5 solid-to-solvent ratio. However, statistical analysis showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) in either TPC or AA between the extracts produced by UAE and DM, regardless of the solid-to-solvent ratio applied. Despite similar yields, UAE proved more time-efficient, requiring only 30 minutes compared to the 24-hour duration of DM. Nevertheless, DM remains a cost-effective and accessible option when ultrasonic equipment is unavailable.
Copyright (c) 2025 Martina Lukáčová, Mária Adamkovičová, Eva Kováčiková, Hana Ďúranová https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fermo-Food for Diarrheic or Constipated Cats: Fermented Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Alleviated Fecal Consistency
This study was conducted to detect the probable efficacy of home prepared, by our scientific and clinical receipt, fermented turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) for treatment of diarrhea or constipation among cats with gastrointestinal issues. Turmeric, derived from Curcuma longa, and Lactobacillus paracasei, a lactic acid bacteria, have thoroughly been investigated for their potential gastrointestinal health promoting efficacy. A 6-marker scale was preferred for describing diarrhoea ⩽ 3 (Group I – n =14 cats), severe diarrhoea ⩽ 2 (Group II – n = 9 cats) and constipation as 6 Group III – 7 cats. Raw, unfiltered, unpasteurized apple cider/hawthorn and grape vinegars were boosted with fermented turmeric with 3 probiotic strains [L. plantarum LP6595, L. plantarum HEAL9 and S. boulardii], were preferred as starter cultures for exhibition. They all were combined with sterile water 250 ml and vinegars combination (25 mL each) at the level of 2.5 × 109 CFU/mL each, respectively. Finally, curcumin obtained from a commercial manufacturer (fermented turmertic was standardized to 0.86 mg curcumin per 1.0 gr powder) was added onto final solution. Fermentation process took 14 days at 20 °C. Obtained fermented curcumin, as fermo-food was prescribed orally at a dose of 1.7 mL per cat per day for 10 consecutive days. The primary efficacy endpoint was changes in fecal scoring. Within the comparison between the pre- and post-treatment scores of each group, a significant difference was found in Group 1 (p = 0.001), Group 2 (p = 0.05) and Group 3 (p = 0.015). Moreover, a statistically significant difference was found between Group 1 and Group 2 (p = 0.006) and between Group 1 and Group 3 (p = 0.001), but the difference between Group 2 and Group 3 was not found to be statistically significant (p = 0.214). This clinical case control study promptly showed that fermo-food, as fermented curcumin prepared as a clinical receipt should have helped maintaining gastrointestinal health among cats with diarrhea and constipation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kerem Ural, Hasan Erdogan, Serdar PASA, Songul Erdogan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of encapsulated rosemary extract on turkey semen quality characteristics during short-term low temperature storage
The use of fresh semen stored at low temperatures for artificial insemination is common in avian and especially turkey commercial farms due to its more practicality and compromised sperm structural integrity and functional activity of cryopreserved semen. Various natural compounds have been used to preserve the sperm quality and fertility during short term storage. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effects of rosemary extract, in both un-encapsulated and encapsulated forms, on turkey spermatozoa during short-term low-temperature storage. Semen samples collected from mature male turkeys were treated with different concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 25 µg/mL) of either form of rosemary extract. The effects on sperm motility, progressive motility, membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity and membrane potential, apoptosis, necrosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide production, lipid and protein oxidation, DNA fragmentation, and bacterial load were evaluated at 0, 2, and 24 hours of storage. Supplementation with 5 and 10 µg/mL rosemary extract improved sperm motility, mitochondrial activity, and membrane potential (P ≤ 0.0001). However, 25 µg/mL had a detrimental effect. Encapsulated rosemary extract yielded better sperm quality outcomes than the un-encapsulated form, especially at the 25 µg/mL dose and after 24 hours of storage. These findings suggest that rosemary extract in semen extender can enhance sperm quality. Moreover, encapsulation may mitigate the toxicity of high extract doses and support prolonged preservation of sperm fertility.
Turkey semen, Oxidative stress, Rosemary extract, Encapsulation
Copyright (c) 2025 Sara Ataei-Nazari, Filip Benko, Michal Ďuračka, Tomáš Slanina, Miroslava Kačániová, Nenad Vukovic, Eva Tvrdá https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Gender, Growth rate and Sire Line on Live Pigs Performance
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of gender, growth rate and different sire lines on live weight, average daily gain (ADG), back fat thickness and lean meat content in the breed Large White. The study evaluated 232 pigs, of which 201 were gilts and 31 were boars. Data were collected using a Piglog 105 apparatus, which was used to measure lean meat content, back fat thickness and average daily gain. Back fat thickness was significantly higher in gilts (0.933±0.01 cm) than in boars (0.806±0.02 cm), (P <0.001). Pigs with the highest growth rate - average daily gains had significantly lower back fat thickness (0.847±0.01 cm) and a higher lean meat content (62.702±0.11%, P <0.001) than pigs with lower gains. The results showed that sire line had a significant effect on ADG of the pigs evaluated (P <0.001), with the highest ADG recorded in sire line A (669.6±10.34 g.day-1) and the lowest in sire line C (612.77±4.24 g.day-1). There were no significant differences (P >0.05) in back fat thickness and lean meat content between the lines. The results of the study indicate that for increasing the lean meat content in pigs, breeding animals with high growth intensity should be selected.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ivan Imrich, Daniel Rajčok, Eva Mlyneková, Tomáš Kanka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Profiles of Blood Amino, Fatty and Volatile Acids in Awassi Ewes Across Different Reproductive Stages and Their Association with Litter Size and Offspring Sex
This study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes in the blood profiles of amino acids, fatty acids, and volatile acids in Iraqi Awassi ewes across different reproductive stages, and to evaluate their associations with litter size and offspring sex. A total of thirty mature ewes were selected. Blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture at five key reproductive stages: day 0 (pre-mating), 14 days post-mating, and at 45, 75, and 135 days of gestation. Amino acid concentrations were determined using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), whereas fatty acids and volatile acids were analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) at each reproductive stage. The concentrations of both essential and non-essential amino acids declined significantly (P ≤ 0.0001) as pregnancy progressed, with the lowest levels observed on day 75 of gestation. Furthermore, saturated fatty acid levels were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.0001) during mid-gestation (day 75) compared to the other reproductive stages. In contrast, unsaturated fatty acid levels showed a declining trend toward the end of gestation. Additionally, volatile acid levels increased significantly (P ≤ 0.0001) up to mid-gestation (day 75). However, no significant associations were observed between amino acid concentrations and either litter size or offspring sex, except for asparagine, which was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.003) in ewes carrying male fetuses compared to those carrying females. The concentrations of fatty acids and volatile acids showed no significant association with either litter size or offspring sex. In conclusion, the blood profiles of amino acids, fatty acids, and volatile acids may serve as valuable biomarkers for pregnancy detection and for evaluating the nutritional requirements of the developing embryo across different reproductive stages. These findings have the potential to enhance reproductive management strategies and contribute to the improvement of sheep breeding programs.
amino acids, fatty acids, volatile fatty acids, twins, pregnancy, sheep
Copyright (c) 2026 Talal A. Abdulkareem, Rwaida A. Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Health-Related Response of Weaned Pigs to Cassava Tuber Meal’s Cyanide with Activated Charcoal Supplementation
The health-related response of weaned pigs to cassava tuber meal’s cyanide with activated charcoal supplementation was evaluated. Large White x Landrace (n = 64, age = 8 weeks, x̄ = 9.45 ±0.30 kg, treatment = 8; 8 pigs per replicate), each pig was a replicate in a 2 × 4 arrangement of a completely randomized design. Two sets of four diets each were compounded to contain processed cassava tuber meal (CTM) at 0, 25, 50 and 75% replacement levels for maize while a group was supplemented with activated charcoal (AC) at 40 g/kg diet. Data were collected on blood parameters, organ weights and carcass indices after eight weeks. Weaner pigs fed 25% CTM had significantly (P < 0.05) higher values of 43.93%, 17.81 × 103/mm3 and 13.44 g/dl for PCV, WBC and Hb, respectively. However, CTM and ACS interaction showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher PCV (44.88%) and WBC (18.28 × 103 /mm3) at 25%. Diets with ACS significantly (P < 0.05) depressed the values of albumin, globulin, total protein, and ALP whereas supplementation with AC significantly increased (P < 0.05) AST, cholesterol and triglyceride values as CTM increased. Pigs fed 25% CTM with ACS had higher values (P < 0.05) for belly, ham, and loin. Increasing levels of CTM with and without ACS indicated (P < 0.05) resulted in higher values for organ weights except lungs. In conclusion, ACS in CTM diets at 25% is recommended to safeguard the health of weaned pigs especially for increased PCV, Hb, WBC, and reduced AST, ALT and ALP and liver.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Tunji B. Olayeni, Taiwo Ojediran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Moringa and Garlic addition to Broiler’s Diet on Growth, Internal Organs, and Gut Microbes
It has been found that some bioactive compounds discovered in herbs and spices can increase the number and quality of poultry products. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of adding Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MLM) and garlic bulb meal (GBM) to broiler diets on growth, internal organs, and gut microbes. In a completely randomized design, 240 broiler chickens, that were 8 days old, were divided into 5 nutritional regimens. Each treatment had 12 birds and 4 replicates. The treatments were T1: Control diet; T2: 1% MLM substitution for soybean meal; T3: 3% MLM substitution for soybean meal; T4: 1% MLM substitution for soybean meal along with 0.1% GBM; and T5: 3 % MLM substitution for soybean meal along with 0.3% GBM correspondingly. Total phenols and flavonoids were high in both meals. On day 28, dietary treatment’s (T2, T3, T4, and T5) final weights, average body weight gain, and total feed intake were all similar to those of T1 (Control). The liver in dietary treatments (T2, T3, T4, and T5) were smaller (P<0.05) to those in T1, while the spleen in T3 was larger (P<0.05). The lactic acid bacteria in T2, T3, T4, and T5 were found to be similar (P>0.05) to those in T1, while T1 had a higher value of coilforms (P<0.05) than T2, T3, T4, and T5. On the 56th day, T5’s total feed intake and T3, T4, and T5 feed conversion ratio were lower (P<0.05) than T1. T1 and T4, kidneys were smaller in weight (P<0.05) than T3 kidneys. The total microbial count, lactic acid bacteria and coilforms in T3, T4, and T5 were considerably (P<0.05) lowered than those in T1 and T2. These results imply that because of the potential contribution of their phyto-supplements, MLM and GBM can be employed as feed additives in the formulation of broiler diets.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Oluwafemi Abel Agbetuyi , Dr. Anthony Henry Ekeocha , Professor Ademiju Adeolu Aganga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Structural parameters and quality of maize silage
The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional, fermentative, and structural quality of maize silage treated with a microbial inoculant and to assess how varying particle sizes influence the content of basic nutrients, fiber fractions, and fermentation parameters. Maize silage was prepared using a two-line hybrid (FAO 480) and ensiled with an inoculant containing Lactobacillus buchneri, Pediococcus pentosaceus, and Lactobacillus plantarum. After two months of storage, average samples of silage were collected, mixed, and subsampled for particle size distribution and chemical analysis. The particle size of maize silage was assessed using the Penn State Particle Separator with sieves: >19 mm, 8.1–19 mm, 4.1–8 mm, and <4 mm. Maize silage (n=3) and each particle fraction (n=3) underwent chemical analysis. The results revealed that 73.33% of particles were retained on the first two sieves (8.1–19.0 mm and >19.0 mm), considered optimal for dairy cow feeding. Particle size had impact on silage composition. Finer particles (<4 mm) contained significantly higher levels of dry matter, crude fat, starch, organic matter, non-structural carbohydrates, and nitrogen-free extract, and lower contents of crude ash, crude protein, crude fiber, and fiber fractions. Similarly, fermentation quality was affected by particle size: finer fractions had significantly lower levels of lactic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, ethanol, fermentation products, acidity of water extract, pH, and proteolysis. Based on neutral detergent fiber and starch content, the silage met the criteria for first quality class, while its higher acetic acid concentration-linked to the use of L. buchneri-classified it as third quality class according to fermentation criteria. The results of this study confirmed that particle size distribution significantly affects the nutritional profile and fermentation dynamics of maize silage.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ondrej Hanušovský, Miroslav Juráček, Daniel Bíro, Petr Doležal, Milan Šimko, Branislav Gálik, Michal Rolinec, Matúš Džima, Mária Kapusniaková, Michal Radošovský https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the Effects of Annona Muricata: Health Benefits and Potential Uses
Annona muricata, commonly known as soursop or graviola, is a tropical evergreen tree belonging to the Annonaceae family, widely recognized for its diverse medicinal and nutritional properties. This plant is native to Central and South America but is now cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It thrives in warm, humid climates, requiring well-drained soils with moderate rainfall to grow optimally. The tree produces large, green, spiny fruits with soft white pulp, which are widely consumed as fresh fruit or used in beverages, desserts, and traditional cuisines due to their unique flavour and nutritional benefits. Traditionally, A. muricata has been utilized in folk medicine to treat a variety of ailments, including diabetes, hypertension, cancer, inflammation, bacterial infections, and much more. Nearly every part of the plant (leaves, bark, roots, fruit) contains bioactive compounds such as acetogenins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolics, which contribute to its therapeutic effects. In vivo and in vitro studies have highlighted its pharmacological activities, including anti-cancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-hypertensive properties, etc. However, recent research has raised concerns about the potential neurotoxic effects of certain compounds in A. muricata, particularly annonacin, which has been associated with neurodegenerative conditions in high doses. While the plant holds promise for therapeutic applications, further research is needed to clarify its mechanisms of action, evaluate its safety profile, and determine appropriate dosage levels to balance efficacy and toxicity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of A. muricata, including its botanical description, growing environment, traditional and food uses, pharmacological studies, and considerations regarding potential neurotoxicity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Radovan Reisenauer, Michal Lenický, Lucia Dianová, Marko Halo, Tomáš Slanina, Filip Tirpák, Shubhadeep Roychoudhury, Robert Stawarz, Eric Rendón Schneir, Peter Massányi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Organic Carbon Sequestration Across Soil Aggregates of Morphologically Different Soils
Soil organic matter (SOM) and its incorporation into soil aggregates play a crucial role in carbon sequestration, which is essential for sustainable agriculture and climate change mitigation. This study focuses on the influence of different soil types on soil structure and the capacity of soil aggregates to retain carbon. The objectives were: (1) to compare soil structure across different soil types, (2) to quantify the content of SOM in size-fractions of aggregates, and (3) to identify relationships between SOM and individual size-fractions of aggregates. The research was conducted in a field at Dražovce near Nitra city (western Slovakia). Samples from the Ap and A horizons of four soil profiles were analyzed for aggregate size-distribution, carbon contents (C), and the carbon sequestration index (KSC). The results indicated that Cambisol exhibited the highest aggregate stability, while Chernozems showed the highest SOM content but the lowest KSC. Calcisol demonstrated the greatest sequestration potential. Aggregate stability was positively correlated with the content of labile carbon, particularly in medium-sized macroaggregates (1–5 mm). These findings highlight the complex interactions between aggregate size, structural stability, and their capacity to sequester carbon.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vladimír Šimanský, Martin Juriga Juriga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Selection Footprints Reflecting Population Stratification of Local Sheep Breeds in the Danube Region
This study investigated genetic diversity, population structure, and selection footprints across 16 local sheep breeds from the Danube region using high-density SNP data. The diversity status was derived from the overall heterozygosity and genomic-based inbreeding coefficients (FHOM and FIS). Population stratification was assessed using principal component analysis, phylogenetic networks, and admixture estimation. Selection footprints were identified based on the genome-wide Wright's fixation index (FST) distribution. Moderate observed and expected heterozygosity levels were found, with the highest values in the Improved Valachian breed (Ho = 0.44±0.10, He = 0.44±0.08) and the lowest in the East Friesian (Ho = 0.37±0.16) breed. Inbreeding coefficients aligned with heterozygosity patterns, indicating an increase in inbreeding in geographically or historically separated breeds and reduced inbreeding in recently developed composite breeds, particularly the Improved Valachian and Slovak Dairy sheep. All approaches testing population structure confirmed breed stratification corresponding to geographic and phylogenetic backgrounds, while admixture analysis revealed the highest proportion of genetic admixture in the composite breeds. A genome-wide scan revealed 24 candidate regions under selection pressure across 15 autosomes, encompassing 48 protein-coding genes, including those related to reproduction (TNP1, AMHR2) and immune response (SLC11A1, IL9, JAK3). Functional enrichment analysis identified overrepresented GO terms related to protein binding, spermatogenesis, hypoxia response, and KEGG pathways such as TGF-beta and VEGF signalling. This study provides insights into breed-specific selection pressures driven by diverse breeding goals and environmental adaptation in sheep breeds in the Danube region. The study also highlights the importance of genomic tools for preserving genetic diversity and supporting sustainable breeding strategies in local populations.
selection effect, genetic diversity, high-density SNP data, local breeds
Copyright (c) 2025 Nina Moravčíková, Karolína Pálešová, Adrián Halvoník, Monika Chalupková, Ivan Pavlík, Ján Tomka, Luboš Vostrý, Hana Vostrá-Vydrová, Gábor Mészáros, Tijesunimi Ojo, Birgit Fuerst-Waltl, Johann Sölkner, Božidarka Marković, Milena Djokić, Dušica Radonjic, Vladan Bogdanović, Dragan Stanojević, Radovan Kasarda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Involvement of Remote Monitoring for Ethological Observations of Swines
A behavioural study of Mangalitsa swines was carried out by recording on ethogram forms, as well as remote monitoring by an unmanned aerial vehicle, which allowed to shorten the time between readings. The animals were divided into two age categories, up to 12 months of age, and fattening pigs over 1 year old. The monitoring period covered the months of March, April, and May 2024 from 08:00h to 20:00h. As a result of this first study using a drone of this breed in Bulgaria, it was found that the frequency of eating, rooting and resting was 14.74%, 12.08% and 58.31%, respectively. The measured frequency of eating was 16.9% and 12.6%, and of rooting 14.3% and 9.9%, respectively, in animals up to 12 months of age and the fattened pigs. In both groups, resting frequency was a major part of the day with a difference of 14% between the groups in favour of the older animals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ivelina Zapryanova, Teodora Pashova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Different Concentrations of White Tea Extract on the Quality of Awassi Ram Semen on Chilled Storage
The white tea extract (WTE) has compounds that act as antioxidants, which enhance sperm characteristics during storage. The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of adding different concentrations of WTE stored at 4 °C for 24, 48 and 72 h on semen quality. Semen samples were collected from three Awassi rams, and the ejaculates were combined. Semen were divided into four equal parts, and it was diluted with Tris; beside the extender, the control group was (A0, without WTE), the second group A1 (0.05 mg WTE), the third group was A2 (0.10 mg WTE), and the fourth group was A3 (0.15 mg WTE). Results revealed the percentages of individual motility, live, and sperm membrane integrity were enhanced significantly (P <0.05) throughout storage in the A2 group compared to other groups. The A1, A2 and A3 groups decreased significantly (P <0.05) in total sperm abnormality percent at 48 and 72 h. Abnormal head sperm decreased significantly (P <0.05) at 24, 48 and 72 h in the A2 and A3 groups. While the A2 group decreased significantly (P <0.05) in abnormal middle sperm throughout storage. In conclusion, WTE has compounds in it that function as antioxidants. Especially when 0.10 mg of WTE was added to extenders, there was an improvement in individual motility, live sperm, and sperm membrane integrity, as well as a decrease in total sperm abnormality and types of abnormal sperm (head, middle, and tail).
white tea, antioxidants, ram semen, extender, chilling
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Maad Hasani Al-Ameri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Response of Young Maize Plants to Rational and Above-Limit Doses of Vermicompost
In a two-year pot experiment carried out in a vegetation cage located on the premises of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, the effect of vermicompost (Vc) used at a dose 8.3 to 16.6 times higher than permitted by the Nitrates Directive on young maize plants on their phytomass was investigated. The results showed that excessive amounts of vermicompost did not have a depressing effect on the growth of young maize plants. On the contrary, they increased the production of phytomass. The legislatively determined nutrient doses should take into account the type of organic fertilizer and the different abilities of plants to convert nutrients into phytomass formation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Peter Kováčik, Jakub Neupauer, Zafarjon Jabbarov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0