Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica

Epiphyllous bryophytes in Arboretum Stradch (Ukraine)

2021-12-20T11:21:38+01:00

This work done in Arboretum Stradch (Ukraine) extended the investigation of the epiphyllous bryophytes diversity in the temperate zone started by Pundiak and Michalko (2020) in Arboretum Mlyňany (Slovakia). It was identified two taxa of not typically epiphyllous bryophytes, all belonging to mosses and considered as generalists and obligate members of bryoflora of Ukraine at low risk of extinction: Brachythecium salebrosum (Hoffm. ex F. Weber & D. Mohr) Schimp. and Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. As epiphylls these taxa were also the most abundant in Mlyňany. The both identified epiphylls occurred mainly on young individuals of a gymnosperm phorophyte Abies alba Mill., which grew near the trunks of 50 years lindens Tilia cordata Mill. abundantly covered by mosses. H. cupressiforme also occurred rarely on leaves of two deciduous angiosperm phorophytes: Corylus avellana L. and Ulmus glabra Huds. growing near trunks of 140 years oaks Quercus robur L. densely covered by the same moss species. B. salebrosum occurred also on one species of evergreen angiosperm phorophyte Rubus caesius L. (near mentioned trunks of T. cordata) and on one species of deciduous angiosperm phorophyte Ulmus glabra Huds. (near mentioned trunks of Q. robur), but scarcely.

Influence of different weed control methods on weed biomass, growth and yield of mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) in forest savannah transition agro-ecological zone of Nigeria

2021-12-17T10:20:17+01:00

Field trials were conducted in the early cropping seasons of 2016 and 2017 at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta (07° 20ʹN , 3° 23ʹE 159 m above sea level) in the forest – savannah transition agroecology of South-western Nigeria to evaluate the effect of weed control methods on weed biomass, growth and yield of mango ginger. Ten weed control methods were evaluated and laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data were collected on weed biomass, crop vigour score, stand count, number of rhizomes and rhizome yield. Results on weed biomass at 8 WAP showed that plots treated with different rates of pre emergence herbicide gave lower weed biomass than plots hoe weeded plots. Also at 24 WAP, plots treated with pre emergence herbicide followed by different post emergence treatments gave lower weed biomass than plots when only pre emergence herbicide was applied. In both years, plots hoe weeded five times at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 WAP gave the highest rhizome yield. Application of only pre emergence herbicide throughout crop life cycle irrespective of the rate resulted in 60.7 to 62.0 % reduction in rhizome yield relative to the maximum across the two years. Uncontrolled weed interference resulted in 91.9 and 92.1 % rhizome yield reduction in 2016 and 2017, respectively. This study reveals that, mango ginger being a long seasoned crop should be kept weed free beyond 12 WAP for acceptable yield.

Benifits of biochar application for sandy loam Albic Luvisol

2021-12-17T10:20:17+01:00

The effect of a slow pyrolisys biochar on the watercress (Lepidium sativum L) root growth, on the sandy loam Albic Luvisol water retention, leachate acidity and mineral nitrogen leaching were studied in a six-week laboratory experiment. The experiment included four treatments: control soil; soil + biochar (20 t ha^-1); soil + fertiliser (120 kg N ha^-1); soil + biochar (20 t ha^-1) + fertiliser (120 N kg ha^-1). Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L) was sown to all the experimental pots. The soil in the pots was regularly watered to keep the water content at the field capacity level. When the wheat plants were strong with well-developed root systems, mineral fertiliser was added to the soil in liquid form according to the experiment setup. On the days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 41 after the fertilizer application high rates of water (400 cm³) were applied to the soil. The leachate was collected and was tested for acidity (pH), available nitrogen in ammonium (N-NH₄⁺) and nitrate (N-NO₃⁻) forms. The water retention capacity of the soil samples was measured at water potentials between -5, and -300 kPa. The results have shown that the extract from the biochar had a stimulating effect on the watercress root growth. Water-holding capacity of the sandy loam Albic Luvisol was increasing after biochar application only at water potentials of –5 kPa and –10 kPa that corresponded to the soil capillary water. The studied biochar did not help in preventing N-NO₃⁻ or N-NH₄⁺ leaching from sandy loam Albic Luvisol.

Evaluation of the agricultural soils pollution along the Orava river using pollution indices

2021-12-17T10:20:17+01:00

Agricultural soil pollution by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) is a major concern nowadays. We selected 11 Fluvisols used as arable land along the river Orava, and two study sites located outside the alluvium (1 Cambisol used as a permanent grassland, 1 Technosol classified as an environmental burden). We determined basic soil properties, total PTEs content and the mobile fraction using inductive coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Pollution level of selected PTEs was assessed by single contamination factor (Cf) and pollution load index (PLI). The total PTEs content indicated their increased concentrations at many study sites. But the mobile form content of PTEs didn´t exceed the Slovak threshold limits in agricultural soils. Nevertheless, pollution indices reached increased values also in agricultural soils. According to the Cf, the Technosol was very high polluted by Pb (12.89), Sb (11.94), Cd (11.82), Zn (9.19); considerable polluted by As (5.75), Cu (5.70), Mo (4.86); moderate polluted by Cr (2.47), Co (1.92), Ni (1.48). For Fluvisols was confirmed moderate level of pollution, with the exception of Cr (3.24) which confirmed considerable level of pollution. Average Cf for Fluvisols ranged from 1.02 to 9.00 for Cr, from 0.87 to 1.87 for As, from 0.76 to 2.37 for Pb, from 0.61 to 3.48 from Cd. In Cambisol we recorded low level of contamination for Zn (0.87), Cu (0.99), and Pb (0.94), and a moderate level of contamination for the others PTEs. The PLI reached in Technosol 6.02, in Fluvisols 1.46 (range from 1.08 to 2.09), and in Cambisol the lowest value (1.15).

Evaluation of stallion sperm concentration by two different methods and its influence on sperm motility assessment

2021-12-17T12:06:30+01:00

Received: 2020-12-18 | Accepted: 2021-05-03 | Available online: 2021-12-31

https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.04.293-296

The aim of this study was to compare two methods for determining the concentration of sperm in stallion ejaculate and to evaluate the influence of different levels of concentration on the determination of sperm motility using an objective method. The total number of evaluated samples was 123. For the experiment, 14 stallions of different breeds housed in the Tlumačov Provincial Stud Farm were used. Sperm concentration was assessed by the hemocytometric method using a Bürker chamber and the automatic method using the Sperm Class Analyzer®. The SCA system was used to evaluate sperm motility. The samples were divided into 6 groups with sperm concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300·10⁶ sperm ml^-1. The results were statistically evaluated by Tukey’s HSD test. There were statistically significant differences in the determination of sperm concentrations between the hemocytometric method and the SCA system in samples with concentration exceeding 100·10⁶ sperm ml^-1. Sperm motility increased in samples with higher concentration, however the effect of sperm concentration on motility parameters has not been statistically significant. The results of this study indicate that samples with sperm concentration higher than 100·10⁶ sperm ml^-1 reduce the accuracy of the SCA system evaluation and these samples need to be diluted to concentration ≤100·10⁶ sperm ml^-1 for more accurate evaluation.

Keywords: sperm concentration, sperm motility, hemocytometer, SCA

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The effect of biological additive on the fermentation quality of whole-crop rye silage

2021-12-17T12:05:27+01:00

Received: 2021-03-23 | Accepted: 2021-04-12 | Available online: 2021-12-31

https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.04.297-300

The aim of this research was to find out the changes in fermentation parameters of whole-crop rye silage after adding the biological additive. Two variants of rye silage were used in the experiment: variant C (silage without additive) and variant A (silage with the addition of additive). The wilted whole-crop rye was treated with strains of lactic acid bacteria (Pediococcus acidilactici, Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactococcus lactis 1.25x10¹¹ CFU.g^-1) in a dose of 2 g of additive + 25 ml of water per 1 ton of matter. Both silage variants were ensiled with a vacuum pack device and after 2 months of storage, average samples were taken to determine the dry matter content, fermentation products, acidity of water extract, pH and the degree of proteolysis by appropriate methods. Treatment of rye silage with a microbial silage additive affected the quality of rye silage by a statistically significant (P <0.05) higher content of lactic acid and acidity of water extract. The lower content of acetic acid, alcohols, pH value and the degree of proteolysis were also statistically significant (P <0.05). The results confirmed the positive effect of the addition of Pediococcus acidilactici, Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactococcus lactis on the quality of the fermentation process of rye silage.

Keywords: rye, silage, biological silage additives, fermentation quality

References

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Diversity of small terrestrial mammals under different organic farming management in Mediterranean and Continental agriculture ecosystems

2021-12-21T08:07:04+01:00

Received: 2021-01-12 | Accepted: 2021-04-14 | Available online: 2021-12-31

https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.04.301-308

With climate changes, soil-pollution and degradation, organic farming is communicated much more often. That is why more research about impact of organic farming has been appearing and developing. Aim of our research was to detect if there is any impact of organic farming on small terrestrial mammals such as has been found in other soil, plant and fauna. Nine localities, at which organic agriculture was practised, were studied and two localities were used as control samples. The research sites were located in the west of Slovakia and in Eastern Iberian Peninsula. They represent a typical Continental and Mediterranean areas. Forty-six individuals of seven species (Apodemus sylvaticus, Mus musculus, Mus spicilegus, Mus spretus, Rattus sp., Crocidura russula, Crocidura suaveolens) were recorded. The highest abundance was recorded at hedgerows in biodynamic vineyards and the most species at an ecotone of biodynamic vineyard and forest. At cultivated sites, we documented the highest number of species at biodynamic vineyard and biologically managed vineyard. The observed species show affiliation to different types of habitat which indicates the need of landscape heterogeneity to maintain diversity. The results signify the obligation to pay more attention to different types of organic farming, identify particular benefits and embrace the most suitable of them.

Keywords: small terrestrial mammals, organic farming, abundance, species richness

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Candidate genes for congenital malformations in pigs

2021-12-17T12:59:32+01:00

Received: 2021-06-07 | Accepted: 2021-06-21 | Available online: 2021-12-31

https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.04.309-314

Congenital malformations occur in numerous pig breeding programs. Clinical symptoms, etiopathogenesis and candidate genes of the most critical congenital malformations in pigs were briefly overviewed in the study. Based on the recent literature, identifying and evaluating the genomic regions associated with defects, such as splay legs syndrome, hernias, cryptorchidism, atresia ani, kyphosis, intersexuality, and malignant melanoma, can enhance the selection response. As promising genes were published e.g. NREP, FBXO32, and HOMER1 for splay leg syndrome, SRC, OSM, COL family, and CGRP for hernias, GNRHR, GATA2, and RLF for cryptorchidism, and GLI2 for atresia ani. Potential candidate genes associated with defects were mainly detected in literature by the genome-wide association approach. Reviewing the studies and following the suggestions in some of papers it is indicated the necessity for molecular and more comprehensive evaluation in terms of the sample standardisation and accurate phenotyping of a broad spectrum of populations and breeds. Moreover, knowledge transmission among all livestock species and humans is recommended in literature to better understand malformation biology.

Keywords: swine, congenital defects, health, association studies, genomic selection

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Milk fat as a source of bioactive compounds

2021-12-17T13:11:34+01:00

Received: 2021-05-17 | Accepted: 2021-07-08 | Available online: 2021-12-31

https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.04.315-321

Milk fat is a source of not only nutritionally valuable but also biologically active ingredients that are involved in various regulatory processes, thus participating in a functioning organism. These compounds have been studied and various beneficial effects on the health and development of the organism have been described. Ingredients such as fatty acids (monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid) and phospholipids (glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids) may have a beneficial effect on human health or can prevent various diseases. Some candidate genes that are significantly involved in milk fat metabolisms, such as diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, thus contribute to the composition and concentration of the individual components of milk fat. This review deals with the composition of the collected bioactive components of milk fat and their impact on health and their potential to produce functional foods.

Keywords: milk fat, phospholipids, fatty acids, bioactive compounds

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Iodine concentration in raw sheep milk from Slovak farms - preliminary results

2021-12-17T13:45:00+01:00

Received: 2021-05-18 | Accepted: 2021-07-19 | Available online: 2021-12-31

https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.04.322-325

The aim of the study was to assess iodine concentration in raw sheep milk from chosen farms in Slovakia and to evaluate the factors that are involved. The assessed factors were as follows: effect of farm, iodine supplementation, farming system (conventional/ organic). The bulk milk samples were collected (June-August 2020) from seven sheep farms located in various districts of Slovakia. The analyses were carried out using the spectrophotometric method of Sandell-Kolthoff. The average milk iodine concentration of analysed bulk milk (26 samples) was 121.4±24.4 μg.l^-1. The concentration of iodine in milk was significantly affected by the farm (P <0.05). There was observed large variability among the average milk iodine concentrations of samples ranging from 52.4±9.5 μg.l^-1 to 511.6±48 μg.l^-1. Similarly, iodine supplementation via mineral licks in farms significantly affected milk iodine concentration (P <0.01). This might be demonstrated by the lowest values in milk from the unsupplemented farm, ranging from 23.0 to 74.6 μg I.l^-1, which indicate iodine deficiency. The farming system did not significantly affect the concentration of iodine in raw sheep milk. However, we observed lower milk iodine concentrations in organic farms as compared with conventional (94.4±25.9 μg.l^-1 vs 131.4±32.0 μg.l^-1, respectively.). To conclude, our results might suggest the important role of iodine supplementation on milk iodine concentration, as well as the significant impact of the farm as an important source of milk iodine concentration variability, which deserves attention regarding milk products and human nutrition.

Keywords:

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Trypanocidal function of Terminalia catappa leaf extract in Albino rat

2021-12-17T13:58:44+01:00

Received: 2021-03-18 | Accepted: 2021-05-31 | Available online: 2021-12-31

https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.04.326-333

On Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected albino rats, the trypanocidal activity of the ethanolic extract of Terminalia catappa leaf (EETL) was evaluated. Thirty-six rats were allocated into six groups: Group 1 (control); Group 2: infected; Group 3: infected and treated with 10 mg kg^-1 body weight diminazene aceturate; Group 4: infected and treated with 500 mg kg^-1 body weight EETL; Group 5: infected and treated with 1,000 mg kg^-1 body weight EETL; Group 6: infected and treated with 1,500 mg kg^-1 body weight EETL. The highest parasitaemia level (P <0.05) was recorded in group 2, compared to the rest groups. The total/complete chemosuppression recorded in the group 3 was (P <0.05) higher than the rest groups. The percentage chemo-suppression improves (P <0.05) with an increased EETL dosage from 500 mg kg^-1 1,500 mg kg^-1. The haematological and serum biochemical parameters were determined using Abacus 380 and a Reflectron® Plus BC79 analyzer, respectively. Post-infection, the rats‘ packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentration in group 2 and group 4 were (P <0.05) lower than group 1 and other groups. On day five postinfection, the rats‘ red blood cell counts in groups 2 and 4 were lower (P <0.05) than in other groups. On day 15 post-infection, the white blood cell counts of rats in groups 2 and 4 were lower (P <0.05) than in group 1, 3 and 6. Alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels in groups 2 and 4 were (P <0.05) higher than the control and other treatment groups. This study demonstrated 1,500 mg kg-1 EETL bodyweight efficacy in reducing the parasitemia level in T. brucei brucei infected rats

Keywords: Phytoconstituents, Terminalia catappa, Trypanosomosis, Zoonotic diseases

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The effect of natural feed additive on productive performance of broiler chickens

2021-12-17T14:15:25+01:00

Received: 2020-11-16 | Accepted: 2021-06-01 | Available online: 2021-12-31

https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.04.334-339

In this work we aimed to analyse the effect of different levels of Musculaton^® with selected amino acids and herbal extracts on performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. A total 240 one-day-old broiler chickens Ross 308 of mixed sex were divided into four experimental groups (n = 60): a control and three experimental groups with addition of Musculaton^® in levels 0.75%, 1.00% and 1.25% in drinking water from 22 to 35 day of fattening. In nutrition, we used commercial feed mixtures, water and feed was provided ad libitum throughout the experimental period of 42 days. The body weights of all birds were recorded individually at weekly interval from 1 to 42 day. Total feed consumption and total mortality were determined to 42 day of fattening period. Carcass characteristics were detected at the end of the experiment. The addition of different levels of Musculaton^® significantly increased (p <0.05) the live weight of broilers from 28 to 42 days of age compared with control. In the whole trial period, feed consumption and mortality were no affected by addition of Musculaton^® to drinking water compared control group. As regards carcass parameters, the addition Musculaton^® in drinking water significantly decreased (p <0.05) abdominal fat weight and significantly increased (p <0.05) breast proportion. Carcass yield and thigh proportion were not affected (p >0.05) by the application of Musculaton^®. The liver, pancreas, kidney and small intestine proportions were significantly higher (p <0.05) in chickens supplemented by Musculaton^®. In case of neck, crop, heart, proventriculus, gizzard, caecum and large intestine weights among control and experimental groups we observed no statistically significant differences (p >0.05).

Keywords: broiler chicken, amino acids, herbal extract, performance, carcass characteristics

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Grape pomace in equine nutrition: effect on antioxidant status

2021-12-17T14:26:41+01:00

Received: 2021-10-04 | Accepted: 2021-11-29 | Available online: 2021-12-31

https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.04.340-344

Grape pomace is a bioactive compound rich winery by-product having antioxidant properties. However, its use in equine nutrition in this regard have been unexploited to date. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether dried grape pomace (DGP) could enhance the antioxidant mechanisms of horses. Redox status was assessed through glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in blood serum, and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP). Twelve horses were assigned to three groups recieving a basal diet (control group) or the basal diet supplemented with 200 g of DGP (experimental group 1), or 400 g of DGP (experimental group 2) for 30 days. Dietary DGP supplementation of horses at a level of 200 g positively affected their redox status through increased FRAP (P<0.05). However, no changes in the activity of enzymes GPx and SOD were detected neither at the level of 200 g nor 400 g of DGP. Based on the presented results, further research is required to test other levels of DGP in horse diets and its potential to affect the redox status of these animals.

Keywords: grape pomace, horses, SOD, GPx, FRAP

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