Evaluation of the oil content of Silybi mariani fructus cultivated in a warm climatic region (Dolná Malanta, district Nitra)

Abstract

Article Details: Received: 2021-02-10 | Accepted: 2021-03-29 | Available online: 2021-09-30 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.03.212-218

Milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.] is a medicinal plant from the Asteraceae family that is grown for its silymarin content. In the production of the silymarin complex, oil is obtained as a secondary product that must be removed from the seeds before extraction of silymarin. The oil contains a favorable ratio of fatty acids and essential phospholipids and has a high vitamin E concent. The objective of this study was to determine the quality of the harvest and the oil content in the dry matter of milkthistle fruit in three varieties (Silyb, Silma, Mirel) during growing seasons 2019 and 2020. The field experiment was conducted in a warm climatic region of western Slovakia (at the experimental site, Dolná Malanta locality). The results showed that the average yield of milk thistle fruit was 452.72 ±61.71 kg ha-1. The oiliness results wereat the level of 28.62 ±1.12%. The maximum and minimum oil content values in the dry matter were determined in the variety Silma 2019. The differences between the individual varieties were not statistically significant. The factor of the growing season had a statistically significant effect on the oil content. Based on two-year fertility and oil content results, it is recommended to continue to monitor the quantitative and qualitative potentials of the milk thistle in the following growing season.

Keywords: milk thistle, fruit, yield, oiliness, Soxhlet extraction

References

Abascal, K., & Yarnell, E. (2004). The Many Faces of Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle): Part 1 – Treating Cancer and Hyperlipidemia and Restoring Kidney Function. Alternative and Complementary Therapies, 9(4), 170–175. https://doi.org/10.1089/107628003322256878

Afshar, R. K., Chaichi, M. R., Assareh, M. H., Hashemi, M., & Liaghat, A. (2014). Interactive effect of deficit irrigation and soil organic amendments on seed yield and flavonolignan production of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.). Industrial Crops and Product, 58, 166–172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.03.043

Ahmad, M. et al. (2012). Prospects and Potential of Green Fuel from some Non-Traditional Seed Oils Used as Biodiesel. Biodiesel: Feedstocks, Production and Applications. https://doi.org/10.5772/52031

Alemardan, A., Karkanis, A., & Salehi, R. (2013). Breeding Objectives and Selection Criteria for Milk Thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.] Improvement. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 41(2), 340–347. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha4129298

Andrzejewska, J., Sadowska, K., & Mielcarek, S. (2011). Effect of sowing date and rate on the yield and flavonolignan content of the fruits of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) grown on light soil in a moderate climate. Industrial Crops and Products, 33(2), 462–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.10.027

Andrzejewska, J., & Sadowska K. (2008). Effect of cultivation conditions on the variability and interrelation of yield and raw material quality in the milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.). Acta Scientiarum polonorum, Agricultura, 7(3), 3–11.

Anum, F., Raja, I. N., Ain, U. N., Javed, U., & Yasmeen, F. (2018). Some Physio-Chemical Properties of Silybum marianum Seed Oil Extract. Current Trends in Biomedical Engineering & Biosciences, 13(5), 91–98. https://doi.org/10.19080/CTBEB.2018.13.555875

Denis, I. et al. (2013). Omega-3 fatty acids and brain resistance to ageing and stress: Body of evidence and possible mechanisms. Ageing Research Reviews, 12(2), 579–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2013.01.007

Engelberth, S. A., Carrier, J. D., & Clausen, C. E. (2008). Separation of Silymarins from Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.) Extracted with Pressurized Hot Water using Fast Centrifugal Partition Chromatography. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, 31(19), 3001–3011. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826070802424907

Estaji, A., & Niknam, F. (2020). Foliar salicylic acid spraying effect on growth, seed oil content, and physiology of drought-stressed Silybum marianum L. plant. Agricultural Water Management, 234, 106–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106116

Fadhil, B. A., Ahmed, M. K., & Dheyab, M.M. (2017). Silybum marianum L. seed oil: A novel feedstock for biodiesel production. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10(1), 683–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.11.009

Fadhil, B. A., Aziz, M. A., & Al-Tamer, M. H. (2016). Biodiesel production from Silybum marianum L. seed oil with FFA content using sulfonated carbon catalyst for esterification and base catalyst for transesterification. Energy Conversion and Management, 108, 255–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.11.013

Fathi, A. B., & Azadmard, D. S. (2009). Milk thistle seed oil constituents from different varieties grown in Iran. Journal of the American Oil Chemists´Society, 86(7), 643–649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-009-1399-y

Freedman, D. N. et al. (2010). Silymarin use and liver disease progression in the Hepatitis C Antiviral Long-Term Treatment against Cirrhosis trial. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 33(1), 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04503.x

Habán, M., Otepka, P., Kobida, Ľ., & Habánová, M. (2009). Production and quality of milk thistle (Silybum marianum [L.] Gaertn.) cultivated in cultural conditions of warm agri-climatic macroregion. Horticultural Science, 36(2), 69–74.

Hadolin, M. et al. (2001). High pressure extraction of vitamin E-rich oil from Silybum marianum. Food Chemistry, 74(3), 355– 364. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00152-2

Indrák, P., & Chytilová, D. (1992). On the issue of determination of Silybin in the drug of milk thistle (Silybum marianum /L./ Gaertn.). Horticulture, 19(4), 309–313. In Czech.

Karkanis, A., Bilalis, D., & Efthimiadou, A. (2011). Cultivation of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.), a  medicinal weed. Industrial Crops and Products, 34(1), 825–830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.03.027

Khalili, M. et al. (2009). Influence of exogenous salicylic acid on flavonolignans and lipoxygenase activity in the hairy root cultures of Silybum marianum. Cell Biology International, 33(9), 988–994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellbi.2009.06.003

Koláčková, P. et al. (2014). Quick method (FT-NIR) for the determination of oil and major fatty acids content in whole achenes of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 95, 2264–2270. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6945

Li, F. et al. (2012). Optimization of enzymatic pretreatment for n-hexane extraction of oil from Silybum marianum seeds using response surface methodology. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 90(2), 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2011.02.010

Luque-Garcia, L. J., & Casto, D. L. D. M. (2004). Ultrasound-assisted Soxhlet extraction: an expeditive approach for solid sample treatment: Application to the extraction of total fat from oleaginous seeds. Journal of Chromatography A, 1034 (1–2), 237–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.02.020

Migahid, M. M. et al. (2019). Priming of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn seeds with H2O2 and magnetic field ameliorates seawater stress. Heliyon, 5(6), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01886

Polyak, J. S., Ferenci, P., & Pawlotsky, J-M. (2013). Hepatoprotective and Antiviral Functions of Silymarin Components in HCV Infection. Hepatology, 57(3), 1262–1271. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.26179

Rahal, B. N. et al. (2015). Supercritical CO2 extraction of oil, fatty acids and flavonolignans from milk thistle seeds: Evaluation of their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities in Caco-2 cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 83, 275–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2015.07.006

Ramadhas, S. A., Muraleedharan, C., & Jayaraj, S. (2005). Performance and emission evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with methyl esters of rubber seed oil. Renewable Energy, 30(12), 1789–1800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2005.01.009

Ramasamy, K., & Agarwal, R. (2008) Multitargeted therapy of cancer by silymarin. Cancer Letters, 269(2), 352–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.053

Růžičková, G., Fojtová, J., & Součková, M. (2011). The yield and quality of milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L). Gaertn.] seed oil from the perspective of environment and genotype a pilot study. Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, 14(1), 9–12.

Sadowska, K., Andrzejewska, J., & Woropaj-Janczak, M. (2011). Effect of Weather and Agrotechnical Conditions on the Content of nutrients in the Fruits of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.). Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Hortorum Cultus, 10(3), 197–207.

Takase, M. et al. (2014). Silybum marianum oil as a new potential non-edible feedstock for biodiesel: A comparison of its production using conventional and ultrasonic assisted method. Fuel Processing Technology, 123, 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.01.032

Vagnerova, L., Pluhackova, H., & Sofrova, J. (2016). The variability of contained compounds in selected milk thistle [Silybum marianum L. (GAERTN.)] varieties cultivated in 2010– 2015. MendelNet, 23, 178–182.

Vaknin, Y., Hadas, R., Schafferman, D., Murkhovsky, L., & Bashan, N. (2008). The potential of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.), an Israeli native, as a source of edible sprouts rich in  antioxidants. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 59, 339–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637480701554095

Zheljazkov, D. V., Zhalnov, I., & Nedkov, K. N. (2006). Herbicides for Weed Control in Blessed Thistle (Silybum marianum). Weed Technology, 20, 1030–1034. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267031316

Zhu, Y. S. et al. (2014). Silybum marianum oil attenuates oxidative stress and ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction in mice treated with D-galactose. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 10, 92–99. https://doi:10.4103/0973-1296.127353 

Zhu, Y. S. et al. (2018). Silybum marianum oil attenuates hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress in high fat diet-fed mice. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 100, 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.144