Sensitivity of Cercospora beticola to fungicides in Slovakia

Abstract

Article Details: Received: 2020-03-04 | Accepted: 2020-05-01 | Available online: 2020-09-30 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.03.147-154

The fungus Cercospora beticola Sacc. is the one of the most important pathogens on the sugar beet. The frequent application of fungicides with the same mode of action increase a risk of development of resistant strains of the pathogen. Occurrence of C. beticola resistant strains has been never researched in Slovakia. In this work, C. beticola isolates were collected from 10 localities of Slovakia and analysed for fungicide resistance in laboratory conditions. Nine fungicides with different mode of action were tested – trifloxystrobin + cyproconazole, kresoxim-methyl + epoxiconazole, azoxystrobin + cyproconazole, thiophanate-methyl + tetraconazole, thiophanate-methyl, prochloraz + propiconazole, picoxystrobin, tetraconazole, and difenoconazole. The results confirmed, that occurrence of fungicide resistance in C. beticola population was established in Slovakia. Different criteria of assessment of fungicide resistance (based on EC50 and on growth rate – inhibition percentage) showed slightly different results, but both criteria confirmed resistant C. beticola strains to thiophanate-methyl, picoxystrobin and difenoconazole. Fields with higher frequency of application of these fungicides significantly supported the development of resistant strains. Assessment of any C. beticola strains have not confirmed reduced sensitivity to active ingredients tetraconazole and prochloraz + propiconazole. The lowest level of risk of fungicide resistance was confirmed in the locality Oslany. It is very important to focus on anti-resistant strategy and reduce of using fungicides on localities, where the occurrence of resistant C. beticola strains was confirmed – Dolné Saliby (thiophanate-methyl and picoxystrobin) and Senec (picoxystrobin and difenoconazole).

Keywords: sugar beet, Cercospora beticola, fungicides, in vitro, resistance, Slovakia

References

AGGARWAL, N. K. et al. (2014). Mycobiota associated with Parthenium hysterophorus isolated from North India.  Indian Journal of Weed Science, 46(2), 155–160.

ALMQUIST, C. et al. (2016). Disease risk assessment of sugar beet root rot using quantitative real-time PCR analysis of Aphanomyces cochlioides.  European Journal of Plant Pathology,  145(4), 731–742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-16-0862-5

BOLTON, M. et al. (2012). Characterization of CbCyp51 from field isolates of Cercospora beticola.  Phytopathology,  102(3), 298–305. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-07-11-0212

BOLTON, M. D. et al. (2016). RNA-sequencing of Cercospora beticola DMI-sensitive and-resistant isolates after treatment with tetraconazole identifies common and contrasting pathway induction.  Fungal Genetics and Biology,  92, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2016.04.003

BRILA, K. et al. (2012). Characterization of cytochrome b from European field isolates of Cercospora beticola with quinone outside inhibitor resistance. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 134, 475–488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-012-0029-y

BUDAKOV, D. et al. (2014). Sensitivity of Cercospora beticola isolates from Serbia to carbendazimand and flutriafol. Crop Protection, 66, 120–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2014.09.010

ČERNÝ, I. et al. (2018). Crop formation and digestion of sugar beet depending on the year and foliar application of biologically active substances and fertilizers. Listy cukrovarnické a řepařské, 134(4), 141–145.

ČERNÝ, I. et al. (2019). Crop formation and digestion of sugar beet depending on the various technology of soil preparation. Listy cukrovarnické a řepařské, 135(12), 396–400.

DAVIDSON, R. M. et al. (2006). Analysis of β-tubulin gene fragments from benzimidazole-sensitive and tolerant Cercospora beticola. Journal of Phytopathology, 154, 321–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-434.2006.01080.x

FORSYTH, F. R. et al. (1963). Cultural and pathogenic studies of an isolate of Cercospora beticola Sacc. Journal of American Society of Sugar Beet Technology, 12, 485–491.

FRAC. (2016). Definition of fungicide resistance. FRAC. Retrieved 2.11.2016 from http://www.frac.info/resistance-overview

GAURILČIKIENĖ, I. et al. (2006). Epidemic progress of Cercospora beticola Sacc. in Beta vulgaris L. under different conditions and cultivar resistance. Biologija, 4, 54–59. https://doi.org/10.6001/biologija.vi4.698

GIANNOPOLITIS, C. N. (1978). Occurrence of strains of Cercospora beticola resistant to triphenyltin fungicides in Greece. Plant Disease Reporter, 62, 205–208.

GRASSO, V. et al. (2006). Characterization of the cytochrome b gene fragment of Puccinia species responsible for the binding site of QoI fungicides. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 84(2), 72–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2005.05.005

GROENEWALD, M. et al. (2008). Indirect evidence for sexual reproduction in Cercospora beticola populations from sugar beet. Plant Pathology, 57, 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01697.x

HAJYIEVA, H. and SOROKA, S. (2008). Phytosanitary situation in sugar beet crops in Belarus.  Zemdirbyste-Agriculture,  95(3), 65–73.

HARVESON, R. M. and BOLTON, M. D. (2013). First Evidence of a Binucleate Rhizoctonia as the Casual Agent of Dry Rot Canker of Sugar Beet in Nebraska. Plant Diseaes, 97(11), 1508. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-13-0375-PDN

HUDEC, K. and ROHÁČIK, T. (2002). Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler-new pathogen on sugar beet leaf in Slovakia.  Plant Protection Science, 38(2), 81–82.

KARADIMOS, D. A. and KARAOGLANIDIS, G. S. (2006). Comparative efficacy, selection of effective partners and application time of strobilurin fungicides for control of Cercospora leaf-spot of sugar beet.  Plant Disease, 90(6), 820– 825. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-90-0820

KARAOGLANIDIS, G. S. and THANASSOULOPOULOS, C. C. (2003). Cross-resistance patterns among sterol biosynthesis inhibiting fungicides (SBIs) in Cercospora beticola.  European Journal of Plant Pathology, 109(9), 929–934.

KARAOGLANIDIS, G. S. et al. (2003). Sensitivity of Cercospora beticola populations to fentin-acetate, benomyl and flutriafol in Greece. Crop Protection, 22(5), 735–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(03)00036-X

KARAOGLANIDIS, G. S. et al. (2002). Changes in sensitivity of Cercospora beticola populations to steroldemethylation-inhibiting fungicides during a 4-year period in northern Greece.  Plant Pathology,  51(1), 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0032-0862.2001.x-i2

KHAN, J. et al. (2009). Fluctuations in number of Cercospora beticola conidia in relationship to environment and disease severity in sugar beet. Phytopathology, 99(7), 796–801. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-99-7-796

KIRK, W. W et al. (2012). First report of strobilurin resistance in Cercospora beticola in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) in Michigan and Nebraska, USA. New Disease Reports, 26,  3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5197/j.2044-0588.2012.026.003

MAHLEIN, A. K. et al. (2012). Hyperspectral imaging for small-scale analysis of symptoms caused by different sugar beet diseases.  Plant Methods,  8(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4811-8-3

MAHMOUD, A. F. (2016). Suppression of sugar beet damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani using bacterial and fungal antagonists.  Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection,  49(19–20), 575–585. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2016.1245052

MALANDRAKIS, A. A. et al. (2006). Biological and molecular characterization of laboratory mutants of Cercospora beticola resistant to Qo inhibitors.  European Journal of Plant Pathology,  116(2), 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-006-9052-1

NIKOU, D. et al. (2009). Molecular characterization and detection of overexpressed C-14 alpha-demethylase-based DMI resistance in Cercospora beticola field isolates.  Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology,  95(1), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2009.04.014

PISZCZEK, J. et al. (2017). First report of G143A strobilurin resistance in Cercospora beticola in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) in Poland. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 125(1), 99–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-017-119-3

RUSSELL, P. E.  (2002). Sensitivity baselines in fungicide resistance research and management. Brussels: Crop Life International FRAC Monograph. SETIAWAN, A. et al. (2000). Mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to Cercospora leaf spot disease (Cercospora beticola Sacc.) in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.).  Theoretical and Applied Genetics,  100(8), 1176–1182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001220051421

SHRESTHA, S. K. et al. (2017). Genetic diversity, QoI fungicide resistance, and mating type distribution of Cercospora sojina – Implications for the disease dynamics of frogeye leaf spot on soybean.  Plos One,  12(5), 1. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177220

SMITH, G. A. and GASKILL, J. O. (1970). Inheritance of resistance to Cercospora leaf spot in sugarbeet. Journal of the American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists, 16(2), 172–180.

TEDFORD, S. L. et al. (2017). Relationships among airborne Cercospora beticola conidia concentration, weather variables, and cercospora leaf spot severity in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 40(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2017.1410726

TRKULJA, N. et al. (2013). Characterisation of benzimidazole resistance of Cercospora beticola in Serbia using PCR-based detection of resistance-associated mutations of the β-tubulin gene.  European Journal of Plant Pathology,  135(4), 889–902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-012-0135-x

TRKULJA, N. et al. (2015). Occurrence of Cercospora beticola populations resistant to benzimidazoles and demethylation-inhibiting fungicides in Serbia and their impact on disease management. Crop Protection, 75, 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2015.05.017

TÜMBEK, A. et al. (2011). Sensitivity of Cercospora beticola populations in Turkey to flutriafol, mancozeb, and fentin acetate. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 35(1), 65–71. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-0910-24

ÚKSÚP. (2016). List of authorized plant protection products and plant protection products authorized for parallel trade. Bratislava: UKSÚP. Retrieved 15.1.2020 from http://web.uksup.agroinstitut.sk/orp-pripravky-na-ochranu-rastlin-registre-a-zoznamy/?start

VAGHEFI, N. et al. (2016). Genotypic diversity and resistance to azoxystrobin of Cercospora beticola on processing table beet in New York. Plant Disease, 100(7), 1466–1473. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-15-1014-RE

VAN DEN BOSCH, F. et al. (2011). The dose rate debate: does the risk of fungicide resistance increase or decrease with dose?  Plant Pathology,  60(4), 597–606. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02439.x